English (en-US)

Name

John Kenneth Galbraith

Biography

John Kenneth Galbraith OC (October 15, 1908 – April 29, 2006), also known as Ken Galbraith, was a Canadian American economist, diplomat, public official, and intellectual. His books on economic topics were bestsellers from the 1950s through the 2000s. As an economist, he leaned toward post-Keynesian economics from an institutionalist perspective.

Galbraith was a long-time Harvard faculty member and stayed with Harvard University for half a century as a professor of economics. He was a prolific author and wrote four dozen books, including several novels, and published more than a thousand articles and essays on various subjects. Among his works was a trilogy on economics, American Capitalism (1952), The Affluent Society (1958), and The New Industrial State (1967). Some of his work has been criticized by economists Milton Friedman, Paul Krugman, Robert Solow, and Thomas Sowell.

Galbraith was active in Democratic Party politics, serving in the administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson. He served as United States Ambassador to India under the Kennedy administration. His political activism, literary output and outspokenness brought him wide fame during his lifetime. Galbraith was one of the few to receive both the World War II Medal of Freedom (1946) and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (2000) for his public service and contributions to science.

Galbraith was born on October 15, 1908, to Canadians of Scottish descent, Sarah Catherine (Kendall) and Archibald "Archie" Galbraith, in Iona Station, Ontario, Canada, and was raised in Dunwich Township, Ontario. He had three siblings: Alice, Catherine, and Archibald William (Bill). By the time he was a teenager, he had adopted the name Ken, and later disliked being called John. Galbraith grew to be a very tall man, attaining a height of 6 feet 9 inches (206 cm).

His father was a farmer, school teacher, head of a cooperative insurance company, and local official of the Liberal Party. His mother, a homemaker and a community activist, died when he was fourteen years old. The family farm was located on Thomson Line. Both of his parents were supporters of the United Farmers of Ontario in the 1920s.

His early years were spent at a one-room school which is still standing, on 9468 Willey Road, in Iona Station. Later, he went to Dutton High School and St. Thomas High School. In 1931, Galbraith graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from the Ontario Agricultural College, which was then an associate agricultural college of the University of Toronto. He majored in animal husbandry. He was awarded a Giannini Scholarship in Agricultural Economics (receiving $60 per month) that allowed him to travel to Berkeley, California, where he received masters and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in agricultural economics from the University of California, Berkeley. Galbraith was taught economics by Professor George Martin Peterson, and together they wrote an economics paper titled "The Concept of Marginal Land" in 1932 that was published in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics. ...

Source: Article "John Kenneth Galbraith" from Wikipedia in English, licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0.

French (fr-FR)

Name
Biography

John Kenneth Galbraith, né le 15 octobre 1908 à Iona Station, en Ontario (Canada), et mort le 29 avril 2006 (à 97 ans) à Cambridge (États-Unis), est un économiste américano-canadien. Il a été le conseiller économique de différents présidents des États-Unis: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, John Fitzgerald Kennedy et Lyndon B. Johnson.

John Kenneth Galbraith est l'auteur d'une thèse d'économie agricole.

Galbraith devient professeur adjoint à l'université de Princeton en 1934. Cette même année il entre dans l'administration Roosevelt et deviendra plus tard un militant des plus actifs pour la réélection du président démocrate. À partir de 1940, il est employé par le gouvernement fédéral américain à différents postes, notamment pour contrôler les prix pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il travaille par la suite pour le magazine Fortune.

Professeur à l'université Harvard en 1949, il reste proche du parti démocrate.

John F. Kennedy le nomme ambassadeur en Inde (1961-1963), où il contribue à mettre fin au conflit avec la Chine en 1962. Il sera par la suite conseiller économique de présidents américains démocrates, et s'oppose à la guerre du Viêt Nam par l'intermédiaire de l'Americans For Democratic Action, dont il est Président. À partir de 1971, il enseigne dans plusieurs universités européennes.

Il élabore son corpus théorique dans un cadre aux tendances à la fois keynésiennes et surtout institutionnalistes, tout en restant très hétérodoxe et très critique vis-à-vis de ses collègues. Il va d'ailleurs critiquer fortement la politique de dérégulation menée par Ronald Reagan et l'intégrisme économique de son plus grand ennemi Milton Friedman.

Auteur de très nombreux livres et articles, choyé par les médias, il est à ce titre l'économiste le plus lu du XXe siècle.

Il épouse en 1937 Catherine Merriam Atwater (1913-2008), brillante linguiste, petite-fille du scientifique Wilbur Olin Atwater. Ils auront quatre enfants: Alan en 1941, Robert Douglas (1943-1950), Peter Woodard en 1950 et James Kenneth Galbraith, en 1952, qui deviendra lui aussi économiste.

Se situant parmi les keynésiens de gauche, Galbraith critique la théorie néo-classique de la firme, la souveraineté du consommateur ainsi que le rôle autorégulateur du marché. L'économie universitaire retiendra surtout du travail théorique de Galbraith, poursuivi tout au long de sa longue carrière, les deux notions de filière inversée et de technostructure.

En particulier, Galbraith se concentra sur le pouvoir de marché des grandes corporations. En effet, ce pouvoir de marché affaiblit le principe de consommateur souverain. Les entreprises peuvent fixer les prix, ce qui leur permet de conquérir une plus grande part de marché et de produire plus que ce qui serait socialement efficace. Ce pouvoir de marché joue également un dans la création de l'inflation. Cela rend nécessaire un certain niveau de contrôle de prix, d'autant plus que ces mesures sont plus efficaces dans une situation avec peu de vendeurs et peu d'acheteurs. ...

Source: Article "John Kenneth Galbraith" de Wikipédia en français, soumis à la licence CC-BY-SA 3.0.

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