Philip Kaufman (born October 23, 1936) is an American film director and screenwriter. Although not noted for directing a large number of films, the films he has worked on have been recognized for their intelligence and independence. He is noted for directing films of eclectic subjects, ranging from realism to fantasy, and often incorporating satire or subtle humor as part of his “artistic signature.” He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Kaufman has been considered a “risk taker.” He has successfully adapted novels of widely different types – from Milan Kundera’s The Unbearable Lightness of Being to Michael Crichton’s Rising Sun; from Tom Wolfe’s heroic epic The Right Stuff to the erotic writings of Anais Nin’s Henry & June. According to film historian James Welsh, his candid treatment of adult relationships in Henry & June was considered an “artistic breakthrough by an unconventional filmmaker who was willing to take a chance and put his career on the line.” His greatest success was the blockbuster film The Right Stuff, where he directed and wrote the screenplay. It earned eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture. And his best films have always had his personal imprint, “stressing values of individualism and integrity,” and always being "clearly American."

菲利普·考夫曼（Philip Kaufman，1936年10月23日-），美国电影导演、编剧。虽然没有以执导大量电影而闻名，但他参与的电影因其智慧和独立性而受到认可。他以执导不拘一格的电影而闻名，从现实主义到奇幻，并经常将讽刺或微妙的幽默作为他“艺术签名”的一部分。他出生于伊利诺伊州芝加哥。考夫曼被认为是一个“冒险者”。他成功地改编了不同类型的小说——从米兰·昆德拉的《不能承受的生命之轻》到迈克尔·克莱顿的《旭日东升》;从汤姆·沃尔夫（Tom Wolfe）的英雄史诗《正确的东西》（The Right Stuff）到阿奈斯·宁（Anais Nin）的《亨利与琼》（Henry & June）的色情作品。根据电影历史学家詹姆斯·威尔士（James Welsh）的说法，他在《亨利与琼》中对成人关系的坦率处理被认为是“一位非传统电影制作人的艺术突破，他愿意冒险，将自己的职业生涯置于危险之中。他最大的成功是大片《正确的东西》，他导演并编写了剧本。它获得了包括最佳影片在内的八项奥斯卡金像奖提名。他最好的电影总是带有他的个人印记，“强调个人主义和正直的价值观”，并且总是“明显的美国人”。

Philip Kaufman besuchte zunächst die University of Chicago und wechselte dann auf die Harvard Law School. Später zog er zusammen mit seiner Frau als Rucksacktourist durch Europa. Die europäische Filmkultur und die Begegnung mit Anaïs Nin waren auf seinem Weg zum Filmemacher für ihn prägend.

Kaufman hatte seinen Durchbruch mit dem Remake Die Körperfresser kommen (1978). Er entwickelte 1981 zusammen mit George Lucas die Handlung für den Oscar-prämierten Film Jäger des verlorenen Schatzes und damit die Grundlage für Lawrence Kasdans Drehbuch dazu.

1989 bekam er zusammen mit Jean-Claude Carrière für den Film Die unerträgliche Leichtigkeit des Seins eine Oscarnominierung für das beste adaptierte Drehbuch.

Sein Film Henry & June aus dem Jahr 1990, die Verfilmung der Beziehung zwischen Henry Miller und Anaïs Nin, war Auslöser einer Reform des US-amerikanischen Filmbewertungssystems und der Einführung des MPAA-Ratings, speziell des NC-17-Ratings.

Philip Kaufman hat mit seiner Ehefrau Rose (geborene Fisher) einen Sohn namens Peter.

Aus der freien Enzyklopädie de.wickipedia.org

Philip Kaufman (nascido em 23 de outubro de 1936) é um diretor de cinema e roteirista americano. Embora não seja conhecido por dirigir um grande número de filmes, os filmes em que trabalhou foram reconhecidos por sua inteligência e independência. Ele é conhecido por dirigir filmes de assuntos ecléticos, que vão do realismo à fantasia, e muitas vezes incorporando sátira ou humor sutil como parte de sua "assinatura artística". Ele nasceu em Chicago, Illinois. Kaufman foi considerado um “tomador de risco”. Ele adaptou com sucesso romances de tipos amplamente diferentes - de The Unbearable Lightness of Being, de Milan Kundera, a Rising Sun de Michael Crichton; do épico heróico de Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff, aos escritos eróticos de Henry e June de Anais Nin. De acordo com o historiador de cinema James Welsh, seu tratamento sincero dos relacionamentos adultos em Henry e June foi considerado uma "inovação artística por um cineasta não convencional que estava disposto a arriscar e colocar sua carreira em risco". Seu maior sucesso foi o blockbuster The Right Stuff, onde dirigiu e escreveu o roteiro. Recebeu oito indicações ao Oscar, incluindo Melhor Filme. E seus melhores filmes sempre tiveram sua marca pessoal, “enfatizando valores de individualismo e integridade” e sempre sendo “claramente americano”.